Andrew Goodwin

Andrew Goodwin is a theorist that has identified a number of key features within music videos.

Andrew Goodwin’s six Features of Music Videos;

·         Music videos demonstrate genre characteristics. (e.g. stage performance in metal videos, dance routine for boy/girl band, aspiration in Hip Hop) [this is also known as iconography]

·         There is a relationship between lyrics and visuals. The lyrics are represented with images. (either illustrative, amplifying, contradicting).

·         There is a relationship between music and visuals. The tone and atmosphere of the visual reflects that of the music. (either illustrative, amplifying, contradicting).

·         The demands of the record label will include the need for lots of close ups of the artist and the artist may develop motifs which recur across their work (a visual style).

·         There is frequently reference to notion of looking (screens within screens, mirrors, stages, etc) and particularly voyeuristic treatment of the female body.

·         There is often intertextual reference (to films, tv programmes, other music videos etc).

Information From ‘Dancing in the Distraction Factory’ (http://beauchampcollegemedia.com/2010/09/01/features-of-music-videos-andrew-goodwin/)

These can be broken down into five simple key aspects to make them easier to understand at A-Level;

·         Thought through beat (Seeing what the lyrics mean in your head)

·         Relationship between the song and visuals

·         Narrative and performance of the song

·         Technical aspect of a music video (Mise-en-scene, special effects, sounds and editing hold together the video)

·         Star Image (The artist’s image/appearance/reputation)

Thought through beat

·         Lyrics should be able to make the audience see or feel what the artist is feeling, focusing on the chorus which gives feeling the verses which usually tell the story.

·         The voice of the song should be unique compared to others to give the person a form of identification.

·         The music video can aid the story telling by showing a narrative which plays out the moments of feeling which the artist is singing about. (This links in with the relationship between the song and visuals.

Relationship between the music and visuals

There are three ways which visuals can be used to promote a song;

1.      Illustration – The video used certain images and shots to explain the meaning and story of the lyrics.

2.      Disjuncture - The meaning of the song is completely ignored

3.      Amplify – This is when the images and camera shots are manipulated and shown repeatedly throughout the video and is drummed into our vision so we feel what the artist is feeling.

·         Andrew believed that music videos can promote a song by the way it acts out the lyrics. This is shown when a character does exactly what the song says. For example, in Tinie Tempah’s ‘Trampoline at many points in the song we see clips of the item which is mentions such as ‘tambourine’, ‘Nikies’, and ‘no nighty’.

·         This relationship links to the narrative and performance because the performance will often act out the lyrics.

Narrative and performance

·         It is important for an artist to be involved in the music video by performing or acting out a role as the main character or singer.

Technical aspect

·         Lighting and colour sets the mood and creates emphasis on significant parts of the song.

·         Mise-en-scene is vital to the production of the music video. It can help the artist gain authentication and also make his/her makeup appear more professional.

·         The beat of the song are useful to create effective cuts that go with the rhythm of the music

     Star Image

·         The star image is always very unique in the way he/she is presented. E.g. costume, moves and appearance.

·         Using lots of camera shots focusing on the artist/main actor, making him/her the centre of attention.

·         The star makes the video look more appealing to audiences while bringing a unique style to the video in the way he/she is portrayed.

- Celine Dior

Our timetable and deadlines

We have created a timetable/deadline sheet. This is to help us be a bit more organised and hopefully help us meet all deadlines.

We also have a checklist, to make sure all 3 of us have done our tasks each week.

What are Digipacks?

Digipaks are a type of CD case usually made from cardboard and plastic which differs from normal CD cases which are usually made from plastic. Digipaks are usually only used for special editions of CD’s such as Linkin Park’s Reanimation and Red Hot Chilli Peppers Stadium Arcadium. Digipaks started in the 1980’s with artists such as Prince and U2 releasing albums in the forms of digipaks. Digipaks are generally much more durable than their jewel case counterparts. Mainly because if they are dropped they are less likely to break and they are also much less likely to get scratched from normal wear and tear. Despite being much more durable on the outside compared to jewel cases, they are still just as vulnerable on the inside as the CD tray is still made out of plastic meaning that it is much more likely to break compared to the outside. The teeth in the middle of the CD tray that hold the CD in place are especially fragile because there isn’t much structure or support keeping them intact. This type of CD cover is more environmentally friendly but despite this they still remain less common. This is because they cost more to manufacture in bulk and are much more likely to become damaged in a shop being made out of cardboard. Digipaks started to become very popular in the early 2000’s. When digipaks are opened they usually fold out into three sections. One section should contain the CD, another should contain the leaflet and the other should be a piece of artwork from the artist. Nowadays digipak makers are trying to find ways to make digipaks even more environmentally friendly. For example digipak makers are now making the plastic tray out of recycled bottles which means that there won’t be problems with the teeth being brittle. Another manufacturer has decided get rid of the whole plastic tray and replace it with a paper one made out of sugar cane and egg cartons.

Magazine Advert - Pop

This magazine advert is for Florence and the Machine. The advert shows the front cover of the album when it was yet to be released. It also has the title of the album in big bold font so that everyone can read it. Underneath the title it has the release date for the album in the UK. it then has the most popular songs from the album. it then states that it has three different formats that the album will be released and that it will have a deluxe CD. At the bottom in very small font there is the website for the artist.

We are one member down... :(

Unfortunately, due to personal circumstances, Luke Sayer has had to leave our group as he moved to collage. He had some great ideas which are posted already on our blog which we will still continue to carry out. He has agreed to up up with our filming being in scenes of our music video. We will continue to focus as a group and as we are now a member short, we intend to knuckle down and get everything down ahead of time.

Magazine Advert Research - Rock

This is a magazine advert for Fall Out Boy's album Believers Never Die - The Greatest Hits. this advert could have been placed in a Kerrang Magazine because in the middle it has Kerrang's name. This advert shows the front cover of the CD. It also shows the CD's main tracks that everyone who likes Fall Out Boy will know. this album must have a lot of popular songs because it has six songs on the advert. Most adverts for CD's generally only include two or three songs on the front. The advert shows it release date in the UK. It also tells the viewer that there are two versions of the CD. One version which is normal and a deluxe version which includes the CD and a DVD.

Celine's CD Cover Analysis

Eminem - Marshal Mathers LP2 (Rap)

Meghan Trainor - Title (Pop)

CD Cover Research

• The roses in the background represent the theme that something is coming to an end.
• The song listing and the order they are played in. The font on the back is very bold and in your face. Despite this the text appears to be very close together and can be hard to read.
• The bottom of the CD includes production details which itself includes record labels, country of origin and all rights reserved. It also shows its year of publication and the barcode of the album.
  
• The roses appear on stage showing the theme of something coming to an end once again.
• The stage name of the artist. The font is very bold and clear, it is also very in your face. The second E of Eminem is the wrong way round possibly showing a sign of rebellion.
• The person taking a bow is wearing a suit which doesn't conform with what Eminem usually wears in his videos, Eminem usually wears casual clothing.
• The Parental Advisory sticker implies that the album has offensive language.
• The theme of something coming to an end is further continued with the title of the album and the fact that there are curtains closing behind the person.
• The roses on the stage implies that everyone loves Eminem and that he is an amazing artist.

Music Genre Research

Music Video Research

Codes and Conventions of Different Music Genres

Codes and Conventions of Rock

·         Rock music is generally very loud and heavy

·         Rock artists usually wear dark clothes and may have multiple piercings and tattoos

·         Usually use shots of the band

·         The instruments they play are usually guitars and drums

·         Lighting in the video tends to be relatively dark

·         Usually set in a dark and gloomy place

·         No narrative within the video or lyrics

·         No special effects used

Codes and Conventions of Hip-Hop

·         Usually set in a party environment

·         Shots usually include the artist

·         Sometimes other artists are in the video

·         Tend to have no storyline

·         Usually wear branded clothing and casual clothing

·         Usually has money as the main object

·         Features include cars, jewellery, alcohol and mansions

Codes and Conventions of Dance

·         Songs are usually upbeat

·         The videos are usually fun

·         There can sometimes be a narrative to the song

·         Dancers in the video will wear the same or similar outfits

·         The location for the video is usually at a party

·         The colours in the video are generally very light colours

·         There is usually a choreographed dance

Codes and Conventions of Indie Rock

·         Can sometimes have a narrative

·         Usually shots of the band performing

·         Close up of the characters in the video and close ups of the artists themselves

·         Sometimes a few special effects

·         Sometimes black and white videos

·         Song usually has a calm setting before the beat starts.

Codes and Conventions of Pop

·         Video has a narrative

·         Targeted at younger audiences

·         Usually shows the artists in dance routines in the videos

·         Usually have a lots of colours

·         Closes ups of the artist

·         Pleasant locations fun videos

Codes and Conventions of R’n’B

·         Lots of close ups of the artist/s

·         Major use of special effects

·         Sometimes has a narrative

·         Sometimes a dance routine

·         Set in houses with parties

·         Money is seen extensively

·         Not much performance

Codes and Conventions of Metal

·         Usually have a dark and depressing theme to the songs

·         Usually have dark lighting

·         Lyrics are very heavy and meaningful

·         Music is very loud and strong

·         Usually have longs shots to sow the entire band

·         Band usually play drums and guitars

·         Bands usually wear dark clothing and lots of eye make-up.

·         Usually have multiple tattoos and lots of piercings

Codes and Conventions of Jazz

·         Videos usually contain bright lighting

·         Usually filmed in a large open space

·         Artists usually wear suave clothing such as suits

·         Videos are usually shot in casual locations such as streets, run down places and shops

Codes and Conventions of Folk

·         Lighting is usually dark and is usually focused on the main artist

·         There are usually shadows to show the artist’s emotions

·         Close ups of the instruments and artist

·         Videos usually have a lot of black and white to them

·         The music is very exaggerated

Codes and Conventions of Acoustic

·         Lots of close ups of the artist and their instruments.

·         Artist usually shows facial expression

·         The movement in the videos tends to be very slow

·         Locations of the videos tend to be isolated

·         The videos are edited either in black and white or to make them look old fashioned
Lewis Gollop

Digipak Research

Digipaks are a type of CD case usually made from cardboard which differs from normal CD cases which are usually made from plastic. Digipaks are usually only used for special editions of CD’s such as Linkin Park’s Reanimtion and Red Hot Chilli Peppers Stadium Arcadium. Digipaks started in the 1980’s with artists such as Prince and U2 releasing albums in the forms of digipaks. Digipaks are generally much more durable than their jewel case counterparts. Mainly because if they are dropped they are less likely to break and they are also much less likely to get scratched from normal wear and tear. Despite being much more durable on the outside compared to jewel cases, they are still just as vulnerable on the inside as the CD tray is still made out of plastic meaning that it is much more likely to break compared to the outside. The teeth in the middle of the CD tray that hold the CD in place are especially fragile because there isn’t much structure or support keeping them intact. This type of CD cover is more environmentally friendly but despite this they still remain less common. This is because they cost more to manufacture in bulk and are much more likely to become damaged in a shop being made out of cardboard. Digipaks started to become very popular in the early 2000’s. When digipaks are opened they usually fold out into three sections. One section should contain the CD, another should contain the leaflet and the other should be a piece of artwork from the artist. Nowadays digipak makers are trying to find ways to make digipaks even more environmentally friendly. For example digipak makers are now making the plastic tray out of recycled bottles which means that there won’t be problems with the teeth being brittle. Another manufacturer has decided get rid of the whole plastic tray and replace it with a paper one made out of sugarcane and egg cartons.

- Lewis Gollop

How Linkin Park have changed thorugh the years

How Linkin Park have changed through the years

Linkin Park have changed their visual appearance throughout the years and have changed their genres of music through the years as well. In their early years of Hybrid Theory and Meteora they represented themselves has a very heavy metal band. For example in Papercut the lead singer Chester Bennington wore baggy trousers with a chain and a vest. His hair was spiked up and had a red dyed part. The co-vocalist Mike Shinoda also had spiked hair and baggy trousers. Mike Shinoda had multiple piercings. Their early music represented themselves as their early music was heavy metal and rap metal. Their next album Minutes to Midnight, Chester and Mike made themselves look much more presentable compared to their previous albums. For example in the song What I’ve Done Chester no longer had the spiked hair of old and wore jeans and a jacket. Mike Shinoda also no longer had spiked hair he had more of bald head and he also wore a shirt and jeans. In their next three albums A Thousand Suns, Living Things and The Hunting Party they look much more casual and more like an average person. They mainly wear clothing items such as jackets, t-shirts and jeans. In my mind Linkin Park have changed their visual appearance in time with their genres because when they changed their genres, they changed what they look like. Their genres have changed much through the years. The first two albums, Hybrid Theory and Meteora were of a heavy metal genre and rap metal. The next album Minutes to Midnight, Linkin Park changed their genre to more of an alternative rock. Linkin Park’s next two albums A Thousand Suns and Living Things took more of an electronic rock approach. Their final album so far came away from the electronic rock and went back to their original type of music which was much heavier. Over the years Linkin Park have matured, this can be seen in the way that have changed their appearance and their genres of music. When they change their music genres they try to keep their audience with them whilst trying to reach out to a new audience. Linkin Park change their genres hoping that their listeners have matured so that the viewers will enjoy their new music style as well as their old music style.

Lewis Gollop

Star Analysis - Linkin Park

Star Analysis- Linkin Park

Linkin Park began in 1996 under the name Xero with three high school friends: Mike Shinoda, Rob Bourdon and Brad Delson. Once the three graduated high school they then recruited Joe Hahn, Dave Farrell and Mark Wakefield. The band then released a demo tape called Xero. This demo tape failed to land a record deal and tension in the band grew. The vocalist Mark Wakefield decided to leave the band and Farrell left to tour with another band. After trying to find a replacement vocalist they recruited the current vocalist Chester Bennington.  Chester was in a grunge band before joining Linkin Park. The band released an EP called Hybrid Theory after changing their name from Xero to Hybrid Theory. Once again the band wanted to change their name. They initially wanted to have Lincoln Park but changed it Linkin Park to secure a website domain. In 1999 the vice president of Warner Bros. Records managed to get Linkin Park a record deal. In 2000 the band released their first album called Hybrid Theory. The genres for this album are nu metal, rap metal and alternative metal. Hybrid Theory was a massive success for Linkin Park and is known as their breakthrough album. The album was so popular it have four singles. Crawling, Papercut, In the End and One Step Closer. Hybrid Theory was one of the best-selling albums in 2001 selling 4.8 million copies. The album also managed to earn the band a Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance.  During this time Linkin Park released a remix album with songs remixed from the Hybrid Theory album. The album features 20 songs with most of the songs Linkin Park songs. This album only has one single, Pts. Of. Athrty. A remix of Points of Authority. In 2002 the band released their next album, Meteora. This album uses the same type of genres as the last album with the addition of alternative rock. This album has sold over 20 million copies and stands as the successful album in the history of Alternative Songs chart.  It has also been certified platinum six times by the RIAA. This album was very popular releasing five singles in just over a year. The singles are: Somewhere I Belong, Faint, Numb, From the Inside and Breaking the Habit. In its first week Meteora sold over 800,000 copies. The album went to No.1 in both the UK and the US and reached No.2 in Australia. At the time the album was the best-selling album in the billboard charts. In 2006 the band released their third album titled Minutes to Midnight. This project moved away from the rap metal and took an alternative rock approach. This album became No.1 in Canada, US and UK. In the US the album was the biggest selling album selling 623,000 copies in the first week. Overall the album has sold over 15 million copies. The album had 5 singles. What I’ve Done, Bleed It Out, Shadow of the Day, Given Up and Leave Out All the Rest. This song What I’ve Done was a big single being used as the main theme song for the 2007 film Transformers. At the release of the Minutes to Midnight Linkin Park decided to change their logo. In 2010 Linkin Park released their fourth studio album, A Thousand Suns. Linkin Park stayed away from the metal side of their previous albums and went to a more electronic and alternative style of rock. The album was a success having got number one on over ten charts around the world. This album seemed less popular than previous as the album only sold 241,000 copies in the US. The album had mixed receptions as different countries reacting differently having got gold in America and getting platinum in Canada. Overall the album has sold around 3.5 million copies worldwide. The album had four singles released with one being released before the album released. The singles are: The Catalyst, Waiting for the End, Burning in the Skies and Iridescent. The Catalyst was used in a wide variety of video games such as Medal of Honor. Five of the songs from A Thousand Suns were used in the game Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. In 2012 the band released their fifth album called Living Things. At this point Linkin Park began to sway back into the rap rock genre of music. This album has sold 2.5 million copies around the world. This album received a large variety of mixed reviews as some reviews gave the album a high score while other scored it lower. This album is based on traumatic experiences the members of the band have had. The album has four singles. Burn It Down, Lost in the Echo, Powerless and Castle of Glass. This album was called livings things because of the amount of topics that have been covered on the album. This album is called Living Things because is more about personal interactions and people and that this film is more personal than any of the other albums. During this time Linkin Park released their second remix album called Recharged.  This is their second remix album for 11 years after the release of Reanimation. Mike Shinoda never thought that he would make another remix album however he heard a variety of remix of songs from Living Things and then decided that he would make a second remix album featuring 14 songs. This CD debuted at No. 10 in America’s Billboard 200 chart with sales reaching 33,000 in the first week. Overall the CD has sold around 111,000 copies in the U.S.  This album received a lot of mixed reviews from critics such as Voodoo gave the album 4 out of 5 stars whilst NME gave it 5/10. Linkin then released their most recent album called The Hunting Party. This album leaves the electronic rock style the band previously performed in the 3 previous CD’s and goes back to the heavy metal side from their older CD’s such as Hybrid Theory. Critics praised Linkin Park for returning to their older type of music. The name for this CD represents Linkin Park as the hunting party and they are hunting to put the soul and energy back into rock music. This album features a few other artists that they have collaborated with on this album. The album received a fair amount of positive reviews, some higher than others. The album sold 110,000 copies in its first week in the U.S placing it third on the Billboard 200. In its second week the album only sold 29,000 copies and it its third week it only 16,000 copies. Overall the album has sold 1,174,000 worldwide.

 

 

Lewis Gollop 

Music Genres Research

MUSIC GENRES

POP

In a ‘pop’ music video, the Artists are often portrayed as being happy. The Artists are usually dressed in very fashionable, ‘up-to-date’ clothing. The props and locations, as well as the clothing, are also usually very bright and sometimes mad and/or colourful. This could be because the target audience for this genre are mainly teenagers.

Some Artists that fit this genre are;

·        Rita Ora

·        Katy Perry

·        Nicky Minaj

·        Lady Gaga

Although these artists could also be put in the ‘dance’ genre.

The music videos that the genre ‘pop’ produces are mainly performance based through a choreographed dance or through a narrative storyline. The storyline relates to the lyrics from the song.                                                      

ROCK

In a ‘rock’ music video, the Artists are often portrayed as having quite ‘dark’ personalities. The Artists are usually dressed in very dark clothing, mainly black. In almost every rock music video there is someone playing a guitar. Most artists from the rock genre are bands.

Some Artists that fit this genre are;

·        Metallica

·        Black Sabbath

·        Guns ‘N’ Roses

·        Kiss

The music videos that the genre ‘rock’ produces often have a story or meaning to behind them. In the music video, as well as the narrative storyline/meaning there is often a scene of the band playing together, whether it’s in a certain location, or a concert.

COUNTRY

In a ‘country’ music video, the song and video tend to be much simpler than other music genres. The song and video often relates to the problems of ‘country living’. In a music video for the country genre, the Mise-en-scene used often creates a stereotype of people who live in the country. This is shown by the locations they use (i.e. country side), and props and costumes they use (i.e. Guitars, ‘cowboy’ hats, leather boots etc.) The artist, who sings the song, is usually in the actual video and is normally cast as the main character.

Some Artists that fit this genre are;

·        Taylor Swift

·        Dolly Parton

·        Carrie Underwood

·        Kelly Clarkson

The music videos that the genre ‘country’ produces often have a country theme towards them. This country theme usually is narrative based, and tells a story. So mainly all scenes in the music videos are in order.

INDIE

An ‘indie’ music video tends to be quite low budget. The locations used are normally places that can be accessed to easily. This effect is probably so that the music video can focus more on the artist and performance. Some artists have a ‘retro’ look about them in the video through their use of costume and make-up.

Some Artists that fit this genre are;

·        Arctic Monkeys

·        Ed Sheeran

·        Green Day

·        Nirvana

The music videos that the genre ‘indie’ produce are most commonly based on the artist in a live performance. This creates a focus on just the music itself and the artist. Although, saying this, recently some indie artists put a bit of a narrative in their music videos to break it up, and give some sort of story to the viewer.

 Katie Tancred